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	<title>Gabe - Cascadia Wildlands</title>
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	<link>https://cascwild.org</link>
	<description>Defending and restoring Cascadia&#039;s wild ecosystems in the forests, in the courts, and on the streets.</description>
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	<title>Gabe - Cascadia Wildlands</title>
	<link>https://cascwild.org</link>
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	<item>
		<title>Umpqua Sweets Chronicles Vol 4 &#8211; Community</title>
		<link>https://cascwild.org/2019/umpqua-sweets-chronicles-vol-4-community/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Gabe]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 06 Nov 2019 21:29:35 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Blog]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[BLM]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Campaign News Updates]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[logging]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[O&C lands]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Oregon]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Protect Public Forests]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Protecting Forests and Wild Places]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.cascwild.org/?p=19346</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>by Gabe Scott, In-house Counsel November 5, 2019 It is a lot of fun to be part of a movement. A phenomenal community of people have been coming together in the forests of the BLM&#8217;s Umpqua Sweets timber project. This past weekend I joined a group of Roseburg locals for a hike organized by Instagram artist ... <a title="Umpqua Sweets Chronicles Vol 4 &#8211; Community" class="read-more" href="https://cascwild.org/2019/umpqua-sweets-chronicles-vol-4-community/" aria-label="Read more about Umpqua Sweets Chronicles Vol 4 &#8211; Community">Read more</a></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://cascwild.org/2019/umpqua-sweets-chronicles-vol-4-community/">Umpqua Sweets Chronicles Vol 4 – Community</a> first appeared on <a href="https://cascwild.org">Cascadia Wildlands</a>.</p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><em>by Gabe Scott, In-house Counsel<br />
November 5, 2019<br />
</em></p>
<p>It is a lot of fun to be part of a movement.</p>
<p>A phenomenal community of people have been coming together in the forests of the BLM&#8217;s Umpqua Sweets timber project.</p>
<p>This past weekend I joined a group of Roseburg locals for a hike organized by Instagram artist and backwoods explorer Chris MacKenzie through some of the old-growth groves in Umpqua Sweets units. Chris has a knack for finding the big trees. He sniffed out this big lady alongside the river.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/IMG_6448-e1572981875216.jpeg"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="alignright size-full wp-image-19348" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/IMG_6448-e1572981875216.jpeg" alt="" width="3024" height="4032" /></a></p>
<p>The four kids along for the hike definitely added to the spirit!</p>
<p><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/IMG_6373-e1572982090771.jpeg"><img decoding="async" class="alignright size-full wp-image-19349" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/IMG_6373-e1572982090771.jpeg" alt="" width="3024" height="4032" /></a></p>
<p>One great thing about kids is their perspective is so free and open, they notice things that adults never would. Like the fact that the base of this ancient big leaf maple is large enough to house two.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/IMG_6366-e1572982289608.jpeg"><img decoding="async" class="alignright size-full wp-image-19350" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/IMG_6366-e1572982289608.jpeg" alt="" width="3024" height="4032" /></a></p>
<p>You don&#8217;t have to be a kid to have fun in the forest. <a href="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/IMG_6449-e1572981783397.jpeg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter wp-image-19347 size-medium" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/IMG_6449-e1572981783397-300x400.jpeg" alt="" width="300" height="400" /></a>I learned a new flower and made a new friend on this hike.</p>
<p>Another long-time champion of Oregon&#8217;s forests, Steve Cole, has recently put together some incredible online education tools about the Umpqua&#8217;s forests. His online visual teaching tool, the &#8220;<a href="https://umpqualsogproject.org">Umpqua LSOG Project</a>,&#8221; gives historic perspective on the forests of the Umpqua.</p>
<p>A great photographer and skilled with satellite maps, Cole recently applied his talents to Umpqua Sweets project. Check out the drone footage from his fieldchecking trip this fall. Wow!</p>
<p><iframe loading="lazy" title="Umpqua Fall Trip 2019" src="https://player.vimeo.com/video/368685433?dnt=1&amp;app_id=122963" width="1200" height="675" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; picture-in-picture; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; web-share" referrerpolicy="strict-origin-when-cross-origin"></iframe></p>
<p>Cole also found even more old-growth in the riverside unit, and caves and a spire in the Eye of God rock arch unit.</p>
<p>The backwoods of the Umpqua are like a true love: the closer and longer you look, the more beautiful they become in your eyes.</p>
<p>P.S. If you haven&#8217;t already, weigh in with your concerns to BLM <a href="https://www.cascwild.org/2000-acres-threatened-along-the-north-umpqua-river/">HERE.</a></p>
<p>Catch up with the series, and stay tuned!</p>
<p><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/umpqua-sweets-chronicles-vol-1-down-by-the-riverside/">Umpqua Chronicles Vol 1: Down by the Riverside</a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/umpqua-chronicles-vol-2-into-the-woods/">Umpqua Chronicles Vol 2: Into the Woods</a></p>
<p><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/umpqua-chronicles-vol-3-the-eye-of-god/">Umpqua Chronicles Vol 3: The Eye of God</a></p><p>The post <a href="https://cascwild.org/2019/umpqua-sweets-chronicles-vol-4-community/">Umpqua Sweets Chronicles Vol 4 – Community</a> first appeared on <a href="https://cascwild.org">Cascadia Wildlands</a>.</p>]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
			</item>
		<item>
		<title>Umpqua Chronicles Vol 3: The Eye of God</title>
		<link>https://cascwild.org/2019/umpqua-chronicles-vol-3-the-eye-of-god/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Gabe]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 02 Oct 2019 06:06:41 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Blog]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[News]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.cascwild.org/?p=19270</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>by Gabriel Scott Cascadia’s forests have a mystic aspect. All the things you know, or think that you know, about the forest are nothing as compared with the layers and layers of wonders to be discovered. Sometimes you’ll be hiking along, thinking about one thing, and then— wham!— the landscape hits in some unexpected way and ... <a title="Umpqua Chronicles Vol 3: The Eye of God" class="read-more" href="https://cascwild.org/2019/umpqua-chronicles-vol-3-the-eye-of-god/" aria-label="Read more about Umpqua Chronicles Vol 3: The Eye of God">Read more</a></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://cascwild.org/2019/umpqua-chronicles-vol-3-the-eye-of-god/">Umpqua Chronicles Vol 3: The Eye of God</a> first appeared on <a href="https://cascwild.org">Cascadia Wildlands</a>.</p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>by Gabriel Scott</p>
<p>Cascadia’s forests have a mystic aspect. All the things you know, or think that you know, about the forest are nothing as compared with the layers and layers of wonders to be discovered.</p>
<p>Sometimes you’ll be hiking along, thinking about one thing, and then— wham!— the landscape hits in some unexpected way and everything shifts. Like the world gets suddenly somehow bigger and richer. That was my experience field-checking what we&#8217;re starting to call the &#8220;Eye of God&#8221; unit, one of several atrocities in the BLM&#8217;s latest <a href="https://www.cascwild.org/2000-acres-threatened-along-the-north-umpqua-river/">Umpqua Sweets</a> timber sale.</p>
<p>We’d gotten an anonymous tip about an exceptional feature in one small corner unit of the BLM&#8217;s Umpqua Sweets sale that we ought to see. I heard it was a difficult spot to get to, so waited to be joined by other WildCATs before striking out into the back woods.</p>
<p>The landscape on the upper part of this sale, up the drainages off the North Umpqua east of Glide, is steep, rocky and unstable. Ancient volcanic activity, heavy rain, and dynamic forests play a role in all kinds of fascinating, beautiful, and unexpected landforms.</p>
<figure id="attachment_19241" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-19241" style="width: 3446px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IMG_8083.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-19241 size-full" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IMG_8083.jpg" alt="" width="3456" height="5184" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-19241" class="wp-caption-text">Route of proposed new road construction.</figcaption></figure>
<p>To access the unit we walked up the route of the proposed road construction. Following stakes and flagging, we grew more and more upset to find the road routed through a gorgeous grove of five-foot diameter old-growth. Our skepticism turned to anger on discovering other old spur roads through old clearcuts going to the same location. Is this really necessary?</p>
<p>We struggled to follow the stakes and flagging as the the terrain got steeper. Stopped by a jumble of moss-covered boulders, we scrambled straight up the rock, ending at a sort of clearing atop a bluff.</p>
<p>Sheer cliffs dropped off, offering amazing sun-drenched views.</p>
<p>From the top of the bluff we were able to make our way down towards what looked like a less-preciptous bench.</p>
<p>Then, there on our right, through thick trees, barely visible beneath sweeping moss and trees, right at the top of a proposed clearcut, appeared an&#8230; opening, an arch of sorts, rising out of the earth.</p>
<figure id="attachment_19242" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-19242" style="width: 790px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IMG_8091.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-19242 size-full" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IMG_8091-e1569282246220.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="533" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-19242" class="wp-caption-text">The strange formation emerges gradually from the thick forest.</figcaption></figure>
<p>A rock archway, covered in moss and fern like a jungle ruin, rose inexplicably from the ground. Peering through it —through the land, through the eye of the earth— we could see the canopy of the green forest beyond.</p>
<p>It looked to me like the top of an eyelid rising from the earth, looking down on the green forest below.</p>
<figure id="attachment_19243" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-19243" style="width: 523px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IMG_8105-e1569282672339.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-19243 size-full" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IMG_8105-e1569282672339.jpg" alt="" width="533" height="800" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-19243" class="wp-caption-text">Walking through the arch.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Going closer, the full size and magnificence of the arch became more clear. These photos can’t do it justice. Thick forest and steep ground make any full view impossible. It&#8217;s a place that can&#8217;t really be captured in an image. You have to experience it.</p>
<figure id="attachment_19244" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-19244" style="width: 790px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IMG_8112-e1569282944618.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-19244" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IMG_8112-e1569282944618.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="533" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-19244" class="wp-caption-text">Through the archway.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The arch is nested in the center of the headwaters of a natural drainage. It is as though, <em>here</em>, this is where the flow begins.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IMG_8116-e1569283044186.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-19245" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IMG_8116-e1569283044186.jpg" alt="" width="533" height="800" /></a><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IMG_8128-e1569283504620.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-19247" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IMG_8128-e1569283504620.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="533" /></a></p>
<p>Oh, the inadequacy of the modern perspective!</p>
<p>The logging unit follows a perfect square dictated by the checkerboard township and range pattern of ownership. That square happens to overlap with the arch headwaters drainage, also capturing a ridge on one side with another sheer cliff dropping off. We scratched our heads, guessing how loggers would make their way in their tree-cutting robots through the boulders and cliffs.</p>
<p>That blank stone eyelid sees more, and more accurately.</p>
<figure id="attachment_19246" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-19246" style="width: 1190px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IMG_8157-e1569283124503.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-19246 size-full" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IMG_8157-e1569283124503.jpg" alt="" width="1200" height="800" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-19246" class="wp-caption-text">From up on the rock ridges in the unit one looks down and out through the forest canopy.</figcaption></figure>
<h4 id="timber-god">King Timber</h4>
<p>That care-less-ness is not an accident. The irrational and oddly counterproductive approach is <em>demanded</em> by the timber industry. The industry position, aggressively pursued by their lawyers in court cases, is that the land is “timber-dominant.” They take the position that <u>no other</u> interests or user groups can interfere with that pre-eminent objective.</p>
<p>The way BLM is operating under their new plan is cynically mechanical. The Umpqua Sweets project, which would log all sorts of special places without considering any of it significant, is a good example of their approach.  The map says harvest land base; therefore, if that place comes to attention, the only possible decision is to regeneration harvest it.</p>
<p>The maps only show logging units, land ownership, logging roads and major drainages, all on the township &amp; range grid system. Things like the massively popular Swiftwater pullout, immediately upstream and on the haul route for the proposed riverside logging, are invisible. Houses, whole neighborhoods, aren’t seen. Smaller streams don’t exist, except incidentally where they can be noticed changing timber designations with riparian reserves.</p>
<p>It is a cold, robotic, uncaring view of the land.</p>
<p>The logging units in Umpqua Sweets were not created by human hands. Literally. They were spit out by a computer given crude instructions for finding available targets for logging.</p>
<p>“Mystic archway” is not an entry on that spreadsheet. Things like this don&#8217;t exist.</p>
<p>We are going to have to <a href="https://www.cascwild.org/2000-acres-threatened-along-the-north-umpqua-river/">speak up</a> to keep these natural wonders from being erased.</p><p>The post <a href="https://cascwild.org/2019/umpqua-chronicles-vol-3-the-eye-of-god/">Umpqua Chronicles Vol 3: The Eye of God</a> first appeared on <a href="https://cascwild.org">Cascadia Wildlands</a>.</p>]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
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		<item>
		<title>Umpqua Chronicles Vol.2 &#8211; Into the woods</title>
		<link>https://cascwild.org/2019/umpqua-chronicles-vol-2-into-the-woods/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Gabe]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 01 Oct 2019 18:32:32 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Blog]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[News]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.cascwild.org/?p=19267</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>While the North Umpqua is the most dramatic, the Umpqua Sweets project would log along many smaller streams.&#160;Unit 25-2-31B, just up the Rock Creek road from the river, is located along Rock, McComas, and Kelley Creeks just north of Idylide. The road cuts off into &#160;a nice little neighborhood there of a handful of homes. ... <a title="Umpqua Chronicles Vol.2 &#8211; Into the woods" class="read-more" href="https://cascwild.org/2019/umpqua-chronicles-vol-2-into-the-woods/" aria-label="Read more about Umpqua Chronicles Vol.2 &#8211; Into the woods">Read more</a></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://cascwild.org/2019/umpqua-chronicles-vol-2-into-the-woods/">Umpqua Chronicles Vol.2 – Into the woods</a> first appeared on <a href="https://cascwild.org">Cascadia Wildlands</a>.</p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p class="wp-block-paragraph">While the North Umpqua is the most dramatic, the Umpqua Sweets project would log along many smaller streams.&nbsp;Unit 25-2-31B, just up the Rock Creek road from the river, is located along Rock, McComas, and Kelley Creeks just north of Idylide. The road cuts off into &nbsp;a nice little neighborhood there of a handful of homes.</p>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignright size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="883" src="https://cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IMG_7969-1024x883.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-34867" style="width:600px" srcset="https://cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IMG_7969-1024x883.jpg 1024w, https://cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IMG_7969-300x259.jpg 300w, https://cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IMG_7969-768x662.jpg 768w, https://cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IMG_7969-1536x1324.jpg 1536w, https://cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/IMG_7969.jpg 2000w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Old growth on the chopping block in unit 25-2-31B.</figcaption></figure>
</div>


<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The trees through parts of this unit were exceptional. This is a dinosaur forest: big, primeval, and green. Fatty douglas fir and swampy ancient cedar droop with moss and lichen. The steady hush of Rock Creek mixes with the breeze through the high forest canopy.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">This is old-growth. On the chopping block. On public forests. In 2019.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">On top of the primary industrial logging unit, here too the agency proposes stream-side logging for the purpose of riparian restoration. What about this ancient grove of huge trees needs restoration is a mystery.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">It is commonly believed that public agencies don&#8217;t log old-growth anymore, and for the most part, in our area, since the Northwest Forest Plan was passed, that is true.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The BLM&#8217;s new management plan leaves them some wiggle room, and Umpqua Sweets suggests they are taking advantage of it. &nbsp;The BLM&#8217;s rule protecting old-growth is that a tree can&#8217;t be sold if it is (1) bigger than 40&#8243; in diameter, and (2) BLM determines that it was born before 1850.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">I measured a bunch of trees well over 40&#8242; diameter in the unit, and wondered if BLM will protect them.</p>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignright"><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IMG_7976-e1569532979578.jpg"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IMG_7976-e1569532979578.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-19263"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Lots of old-growth cedar will be felled</figcaption></figure>
</div>


<p class="wp-block-paragraph">What we also found are lots of trees that fell just below the 40&#8243; threshold, including many that must be old growth. They seemed especially common among the slower growing species like cedar, which were well-represented here especially closest to water. I measured one tree in this unit that was as close to 40&#8243; as it could possibly be without hitting the line.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Maybe with another year or two it can put on the extra centimeter girth and live a few centuries more.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="not-a-clearcut">Not-a-Clearcut</h4>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The BLM says they don&#8217;t clearcut anymore. It&#8217;s all “regeneration harvest” and “ecological forestry” now.</p>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="aligncenter"><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IMG_7979.jpg"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IMG_7979-e1569281265417.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-19240"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Definitely not a clearcut.</figcaption></figure>
</div>


<p class="wp-block-paragraph">There is some truth in what they say. <u>Some</u> truth. But more falsehood.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">About a mile further up the road from the Rock Creek unit you pass through a section of BLM-owned land that was logged just this year. The sweet smell of wood chips and sap, and of sunshine striking bare earth, is on the wind.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Trucks of men were just pulling out of bark-strewn parking areas as I pulled in. The stripped hillside was strewn with fallen logs.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">There are definitely trees left standing, including most or even all of what little legacy old-growth had been there before. That is meaningful progress as compared with private landowners, which ravage their land with bulldozers and chemicals and laboratory trees.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">But as compared with other public land agencies like the Forest Service, or even compared with the BLM itself just a few years ago, these logging methods are incredibly intensive.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">The logic of this kind of forestry is to &#8220;regenerate&#8221; a new stand of fast-growing Douglas fir by clearing out the old forest. It is &#8220;regeneration&#8221; only and exactly to the extent that it is &#8220;clearing.&#8221; It is regeneration in the sense that death begets life.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">It used to be they called this exact same method a “clearcut with reserves.” That was an honest description.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Looking at the fresh logged unit, it&#8217;s a clearcut. Less bad than some others, but still a clearcut. It sure isn&#8217;t a forest!</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">A few trees are standing, but there were so many <em>more</em> trees knocked over and hauled away. On a hot sunny day, the air felt like a field or a parking lot, not a forest. The standing trees aren’t enough to ever touch one another. Many of them will blow down. The ground and plant ground-cover was profoundly impacted. It is compacted flat in some places, and ploughed up in others, with massive machine-piles of slash that will be burned. The smells, while sweet and familiar, were of a construction project or a farm, not any wild place.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">Call it whatever you want. It is destruction.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">And in 2019, it should not be happening in our old-growth forest.</p>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph">*It is not too late to <a href="https://www.cascwild.org/2000-acres-threatened-along-the-north-umpqua-river/">TAKE ACTION</a> to help convince BLM to consider a conservation alternative. And stay tuned for part 3, in which we head up into the hills and discover the Eye of God.</p><p>The post <a href="https://cascwild.org/2019/umpqua-chronicles-vol-2-into-the-woods/">Umpqua Chronicles Vol.2 – Into the woods</a> first appeared on <a href="https://cascwild.org">Cascadia Wildlands</a>.</p>]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
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		<title>Umpqua Sweets Chronicles Vol 1: Down by the Riverside</title>
		<link>https://cascwild.org/2019/umpqua-sweets-chronicles-vol-1-down-by-the-riverside/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Gabe]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 28 Sep 2019 00:38:23 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Blog]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.cascwild.org/?p=19260</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>by Gabriel Scott, In-House Counsel Is old growth clearcutting on public lands making a comeback on the North Umpqua River? Thus seems to say the BLM in its latest timber sale announcement, called &#8220;Umpqua Sweets.&#8221; While BLM&#8217;s official announcement is itself so vague and legalistic as to melt into nothing, recent groundtruthing of their proposed logging units ... <a title="Umpqua Sweets Chronicles Vol 1: Down by the Riverside" class="read-more" href="https://cascwild.org/2019/umpqua-sweets-chronicles-vol-1-down-by-the-riverside/" aria-label="Read more about Umpqua Sweets Chronicles Vol 1: Down by the Riverside">Read more</a></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://cascwild.org/2019/umpqua-sweets-chronicles-vol-1-down-by-the-riverside/">Umpqua Sweets Chronicles Vol 1: Down by the Riverside</a> first appeared on <a href="https://cascwild.org">Cascadia Wildlands</a>.</p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>by Gabriel Scott, In-House Counsel</p>
<p>Is old growth clearcutting on public lands making a comeback on the North Umpqua River?</p>
<p>Thus seems to say the BLM in its latest timber sale announcement, called &#8220;Umpqua Sweets.&#8221; While <a href="https://eplanning.blm.gov/epl-front-office/projects/nepa/1500794/20001974/250002356/20190819_Umpqua_Sweets_Scoping_Letter_Tribes_and_General_Public_signed.pdf">BLM&#8217;s official announcement</a> is itself so vague and legalistic as to melt into nothing, recent groundtruthing of their proposed logging units reveals this sale to be a major disaster.</p>
<p>It would commercially log some two-thousand acres, including hundreds of acres of some of the most beautiful and prized forests left. There are dozens of aspects to this story; dozens of features and perspectives. The BLM proposes logging right along the North Umpqua river, has many units of old-growth, and has been heedless of exceptional wildland treasures. The project has some hopeful aspects, proposing fuel treatment for forest fires on specific routes and near homes, and riparian restoration of several kinds. Both of those are legitimate and important issues, and Cascadia has urged BLM to collaborate to expand and do even more of those actions. But in the context of the commercial timber sale units we&#8217;ve checked in the field, they appear frequently opportunistic.</p>
<p>Umpqua Sweets could be a poster-child for the regent binge of BLM timber sales under its new management plan. It puts timber values above everything else, using whatever rationales come handy to get out the cut, at massive waste of human and natural energy.</p>
<p><figure id="attachment_19230" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-19230" style="width: 5174px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IMG_8255.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-19230 size-full" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IMG_8255-e1569623539807.jpg" alt="" width="5184" height="3456" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-19230" class="wp-caption-text">A lone fly fisherman enjoying the river on this peaceful September evening. Unit 26-2-11A, slated for industrial logging by BLM, in background.</figcaption></figure></p>
<p>This is the first is a series of posts relaying remarkable aspects of the truth from the ground on this sad proposal. <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em>Do not despair, A C T.</em></span> There is still time to convince the BLM to seriously look at a conservation alternative, but that is going to take a major groundswell of grassroots pressure. We&#8217;ve prepared a comment to BLM for you <a href="https://www.cascwild.org/2000-acres-threatened-along-the-north-umpqua-river/">HERE</a> that you can personalize. By all means pursue whatever means seem right to you.</p>
<h4 id="learning-to-speak-bureaucrates">Learning to Speak Bureaucratese</h4>
<p><a href="https://eplanning.blm.gov/epl-front-office/projects/nepa/1500794/20001974/250002356/20190819_Umpqua_Sweets_Scoping_Letter_Tribes_and_General_Public_signed.pdf">The official project announcement</a> isn&#8217;t much to look at. In two pages of text and a map it shows the areas proposed for some kind of logging. It doesn&#8217;t point out any of the obvious conflicts with other values that we discovered on the ground.</p>
<p>As an attorney I admired the skilled craft behind the stilted legalize, because it very efficiently covers just about every possibility for commercial logging. It gives the required legal notice, without particularly alerting anyone to anything.</p>
<p>Forests are both young and old (from 41 to 160 years old), and in lands allocated for everything from timber harvest to old-growth reserve. The project &#8220;purpose&#8221; includes just about every conceivable rationale BLM has for logging: generating timber volume, adjusting age class, restoring streamside riparian areas, and managing fire. The map isn&#8217;t of the general area, as you&#8217;d expect if so many options really were on the table, but of specific proposed units, &#8220;fuels treatment&#8221; areas, and 12 miles of proposed new roads.</p>
<p><figure id="attachment_19229" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-19229" style="width: 290px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IMG_8034.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-19229" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IMG_8034-300x200.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="200" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-19229" class="wp-caption-text">Our kind of office.</figcaption></figure></p>
<p>Paperwork can have a way of hiding the truth as much as reveal it, so we&#8217;ve headed down to work in the woods for a few days and see what things are like in the forest. I made a couple trips, and several locals and WildCAT fieldchecking volunteers have also followed up with on-the-ground information.</p>
<p>The land itself shows that with Umpqua Sweets, the BLM is making a play to bring back old-growth logging, functionally like clearcutting in most ways, and seemingly heedless of the environmental knowledge gained over the last several decades, and with a sort of institutionalized contempt towards the Wildlands values that you and I (and even most BLM and timber industry workers!) hold dear.</p>
<p>The BLM is all about clearcutting now; the rest be damned.</p>
<h4 id="a-world-class-river">A World Class River</h4>
<p>The first logging unit you see driving into the sale area from the west is unit 26-3-11A. This is a 120-year-old stand of healthy douglas fir growing up the slope on the south bank of the North Umpqua River.</p>
<p>On paper, according to BLM, it isn&#8217;t much to look at.</p>
<p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="" src="data:image/tiff;base64,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<p>The river there is the North Umpqua. The bridge over the river, the haul route for this project, you might know as the Swiftwater pullout, boat ramp, and hugely popular (by Oregon standards) day use area.</p>
<p>On paper it may look boring and inocuouos, but on the ground</p>
<p>On the ground it looked&#8230;wait, are you kidding me? Am I unconsciously exaggerating? Is the map wrong? My pocket spy satellite says it should be right here.</p>
<p><figure id="attachment_19274" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-19274" style="width: 997px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/North-Umpqua-Riverside-Unit.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-full wp-image-19274" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/North-Umpqua-Riverside-Unit.jpg" alt="" width="1007" height="702" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-19274" class="wp-caption-text">Umpqua Sweets Unit 26-3-11A main unit (not riparian reserve) on google-earth.</figcaption></figure></p>
<p>Wildlands don&#8217;t lie. It&#8217;s true, they are planning to log right alongside the North Umpqua River. The cutting would be visible from some of the epic swimming holes and fishing rocks along the river banks there.</p>
<p><figure id="attachment_19261" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-19261" style="width: 3446px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IMG_8012-e1569531627999.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-19261 size-full" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IMG_8012-e1569622761737.jpg" alt="" width="3456" height="5184" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-19261" class="wp-caption-text">Looking into the proposed logging unit from the riverbank on a September day.</figcaption></figure></p>
<p>Generally world-class rivers like the North Umpqua have the highest possible protections. It is a wild &amp; scenic river, a Class I watershed, widely recognized as critical for ESA-listed salmon and steelhead, etc etc..</p>
<p>As it turns out, for BLM, those protections don&#8217;t add up to much.</p>
<p>This particular unit is just downstream of the section that is Wild &amp; Scenic (it ends at the Swiftwater) so that unique law doesn&#8217;t seem to help here. Under the new management plan this location has low visual protection. Picture it, BLM officially can do no wrong in terms of wrecking scenery.</p>
<p>Stream buffers are the big protection for rivers and streams. The North Umpqua, being a fish-bearing river, gets the maximum &#8220;no-cut&#8221; buffer it could in BLM&#8217;s world— which is one full site-potential tree height from the water&#8217;s edge. (The idea is they aren&#8217;t supposed to cut any tree that could fall into the water even when it grows up, if it grew up. They don&#8217;t plan to let them grow up.)</p>
<p>So that&#8217;s a little over a couple hundred feet of buffer from the river&#8217;s edge. Say they even went crazy and called it 300 feet, under the new BLM plan commercial logging is allowed even inside that buffer up to 120 feet. And creating snags or tipping trees over is allowed even inside that.</p>
<p>Whatever buffer, we will all see this logging from the highway and from the river. Heck, they see it from the <em>scenic pullout</em> just to the south. I stood at the top of this unit and from there you could see the road alongside the river, could hear the angry rush of the North Umpqua rapids.</p>
<p><figure id="attachment_19232" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-19232" style="width: 3446px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IMG_8029-e1569278183306.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-19232 size-full" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IMG_8029-e1569278183306.jpg" alt="" width="3456" height="5184" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-19232" class="wp-caption-text">Umpqua Sweets Unit 26-3-11A from a swimming hole on the opposite bank.</figcaption></figure></p>
<p>The BLM is not supposed to be targeting reserves for timber generation.  Yet, the BLM state office has in fact issued direction to each field office to turn out certain volumes of commercial timber from reserves, and to do it fast.</p>
<p>Technically riparian logging is allowed only for the purpose of stream restoration. For Umpqua Sweets, at this unit and elsewhere (more on that later), it looks like the BLM has mapped a lot of riparian reserve for commercial logging where it has commercial potential, without regard to whether that makes any watershed sense.</p>
<p>The agency claims restoration is part of its purpose. And, no doubt, the skilled folks who work for BLM would love to engage in stream restoration. We&#8217;re totally onboard with that! Things like tree tipping and snag-creation especially don&#8217;t haul out wood volume, so there is little incentive to over-do it. But don&#8217;t be fooled by the word, this is no restoration project.</p>
<p>Outer riparian reserve thinned trees go to the mill just like the harvest unit trees do. But, because it&#8217;s not (wink wink) really <span style="text-decoration: underline;">for</span> commercial reasons, riparian reserve logs don&#8217;t count against the BLM&#8217;s annual sustained yield limits.</p>
<p>It seems darn funny, doesn&#8217;t it, that the places the agency targets for &#8220;restoration&#8221; seem to be such convenient commercial logging units.</p>
<p>This stand, according to the BLM computer, is 120 years old. Born in 1899. That&#8217;s closer to being old-growth than needing restoration.</p>
<p>When I first went there with my daughter, a bald eagle flew over us.</p>
<p>It didn&#8217;t land here. Maybe that&#8217;s why they say it&#8217;s not worth protecting.</p>
<p><figure id="attachment_19277" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-19277" style="width: 3014px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IMG_6060-2.jpeg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-19277 size-full" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/IMG_6060-2.jpeg" alt="" width="3024" height="4032" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-19277" class="wp-caption-text">The unit from the topside. Not classic old-growth, but not any plantation either. From here you can hear the strong rush of the North Umpqua rapids.</figcaption></figure></p>
<p>And we&#8217;ll have lots more to say about old-growth later.</p>
<p>NOTE: While the official scoping period closed September 25, they are still doing their analysis and<a href="https://www.cascwild.org/2000-acres-threatened-along-the-north-umpqua-river/"> it is not too late to let BLM know you are watching, and to share any special part of the ground truth that you might have</a>.</p><p>The post <a href="https://cascwild.org/2019/umpqua-sweets-chronicles-vol-1-down-by-the-riverside/">Umpqua Sweets Chronicles Vol 1: Down by the Riverside</a> first appeared on <a href="https://cascwild.org">Cascadia Wildlands</a>.</p>]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
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		<title>Press Release: 9th Circuit Voids Old-Growth Timber Sales on the Tongass</title>
		<link>https://cascwild.org/2018/press-release-9th-circuit-voids-old-growth-timber-sales-on-the-tongass/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Gabe]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 29 Nov 2018 21:41:01 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Home Page Hot Topic]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[News]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.old.cascwild.org/?p=17886</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>November 29, 2018 — A unanimous verdict of the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals has invalidated four U.S. Forest Service (USFS) logging projects in Alaska's Tongass National Forest, the nation's largest national forest, ending a ten year legal battle. Greenpeace USA and Cascadia Wildlands filed the suit in 2008.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://cascwild.org/2018/press-release-9th-circuit-voids-old-growth-timber-sales-on-the-tongass/">Press Release: 9th Circuit Voids Old-Growth Timber Sales on the Tongass</a> first appeared on <a href="https://cascwild.org">Cascadia Wildlands</a>.</p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>For immediate release</strong><br />
November 29, 2018</p>
<p><strong>Contacts:</strong><br />
Larry Edwards, Greenpeace 907-752-7557, ledwards@greenpeace.org<br />
Gabe Scott, Cascadia Wildlands 907-491-0856, gscott@old.cascwild.org<br />
Oliver Stiefel, Crag Law Center 503-227-2212, oliver@crag.org</p>
<p>[ANCHORAGE, AK] — A unanimous verdict of the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals has invalidated four U.S. Forest Service (USFS) logging projects in Alaska&#8217;s Tongass National Forest, the nation&#8217;s largest national forest, ending a ten year legal battle. Greenpeace USA and Cascadia Wildlands filed the suit in 2008.<a href="https://www.old.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/IMG_1116.jpeg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft wp-image-17888" src="https://www.old.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/IMG_1116.jpeg" alt="" width="1332" height="999" /></a><br />
The decision permanently stops four timber sales that would have clearcut 1,700 acres of old-growth rainforest &#8212; habitat that is critical to deer, which are the primary prey of the rare Alexander Archipelago wolf (or &#8220;Islands Wolf&#8221;), and vital to subsistence hunters. The lawsuit focused on all three &#8212; deer, wolves, and hunters.</p>
<p>&#8220;But the victory is for more than deer, wolves and hunters,&#8221; said Larry Edwards, a representative of Greenpeace and resident of Sitka, Alaska. &#8220;It also protects many other kinds of wildlife in those areas, diverse forest uses, and carbon that is stored in the soil, trees and vegetation. As a far-north coastal rainforest, fires are rare and very small here, and as a result the Tongass is world-renown for storing carbon in its soil, trees and vegetation.&#8221;</p>
<p>At issue in the litigation was how the Forest Service determined impacts of the logging projects on Sitka black-tailed deer, and consequently wolves and hunters.</p>
<p>The Court concluded that the agency&#8217;s modeling of deer winter habitat &#8220;does not accurately measure forest structure [and] was too unreliable to be used.&#8221; It also said the &#8220;USFS failed to explain why it was authorizing the projects despite lower-than-recommended deer habitat capabilities.&#8221; (The recommended minimum capability is specified in the Tongass Forest Plan.)</p>
<p>In voiding the agency&#8217;s approvals of its four projects, the court noted that in &#8220;over a decade of litigation&#8230; USFS has been given multiple opportunities to correct flaws in its project analysis and ignored the court&#8217;s guidance.&#8221;</p>
<p>&#8220;The Forest Service was handed a clear message today that it cannot fudge the science in order to give its projects an &#8216;easy pass&#8217; and sell excessive amounts of timber from a planning area,&#8221; said Chris Winter of Crag Law Center, one of the plaintiffs&#8217; attorneys. &#8220;The Islands Wolf is a rare species in Alaska&#8217;s rainforest, and it&#8217;s vital that the agency follow the best science on how to protect it and how to provide for the needs of deer hunters.&#8221;</p>
<p>&#8220;The Forest Service has scheduled two of the projects in our lawsuit to be logged in 2019. The court&#8217;s verdict invalidating the decisions comes just in time.&#8221; said Gabriel Scott of Cascadia Wildlands.</p>
<p>&#8220;The Forest Service greatly overestimated the habitat available for deer, and consequently underestimated the impacts of logging, not just in the four projects in this case but in every one of its timber project decisions made between 1996 and 2008,&#8221; Edwards said. &#8220;This justified logging which should never have happened. Greenpeace and Cascadia have demonstrated, with the agency&#8217;s own documents, that its computer models were flawed. For recent projects the USFS has corrected those errors, but it refused to do so for the earlier ones,&#8221; he said.</p>
<p>Attorneys representing the plaintiffs were Chris Winter and Oliver Stiefel of Crag Law Center based in Portland, Oregon, and Rene Voss of Mill Valley, Ca. Plaintiffs are grateful to the McIntosh Foundation for supporting the Islands Wolf litigation from the beginning.</p>
<p>The four timber projects, named from north to south are:<br />
<a href="https://www.old.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Press-Release-9th-Circuit-Voids-Four-Timber-Sales-on-Tongass-National-Forest__29Nov18.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignright wp-image-17887" src="https://www.old.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Press-Release-9th-Circuit-Voids-Four-Timber-Sales-on-Tongass-National-Forest__29Nov18.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="630" /></a><br />
Scott Peak, NE Kupreanof Island (near Petersburg)<br />
Overlook, Mitkof Island (the island Petersburg is on)<br />
Traitors Cove, Revillagigedo Island (the island Ketchikan is on)<br />
Soda Nick, Prince of Wales Island (just north of the village of Hydaburg)</p>
<p>Together, the four projects would have cut 33 million board feet of timber from 1,700 acres of old-growth forest, and about 14 miles of logging roads would have been constructed.</p><p>The post <a href="https://cascwild.org/2018/press-release-9th-circuit-voids-old-growth-timber-sales-on-the-tongass/">Press Release: 9th Circuit Voids Old-Growth Timber Sales on the Tongass</a> first appeared on <a href="https://cascwild.org">Cascadia Wildlands</a>.</p>]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
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		<title>Blog: Old Growth Timber Grab on the North Umpqua</title>
		<link>https://cascwild.org/2018/old-growth-timber-grab-on-the-north-umpqua/</link>
					<comments>https://cascwild.org/2018/old-growth-timber-grab-on-the-north-umpqua/#respond</comments>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Gabe]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 30 Apr 2018 18:30:04 +0000</pubDate>
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		<category><![CDATA[O&C Legislation and Negotiations]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Western Oregon BLM Lands]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.cascwild.org/?p=16781</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>by Gabe Scott, In-house Counsel Lone Rock Timber and BLM, shame on you. In what looks like a classic timber grab, Lone Rock Timber has demanded rights to log a swath of huge old-growth trees on public, BLM land. Claiming they need a road to access a part of one of their active clearcuts, Lone ... <a title="Blog: Old Growth Timber Grab on the North Umpqua" class="read-more" href="https://cascwild.org/2018/old-growth-timber-grab-on-the-north-umpqua/" aria-label="Read more about Blog: Old Growth Timber Grab on the North Umpqua">Read more</a></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://cascwild.org/2018/old-growth-timber-grab-on-the-north-umpqua/">Blog: Old Growth Timber Grab on the North Umpqua</a> first appeared on <a href="https://cascwild.org">Cascadia Wildlands</a>.</p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><figure id="attachment_16784" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-16784" style="width: 290px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-16784 wp-caption alignleft" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/IMG_3397-300x400.jpg" alt="Lone Rock's right-of-way marked to cut." width="300" height="400" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-16784" class="wp-caption-text">Lone Rock&#8217;s right-of-way marked to cut.</figcaption></figure></p>
<p>by Gabe Scott, In-house Counsel</p>
<p>Lone Rock Timber and BLM, shame on you.</p>
<p>In what looks like a classic timber grab, Lone Rock Timber has demanded rights to log a swath of huge old-growth trees on public, BLM land. Claiming they need a road to access a part of one of their active clearcuts, Lone Rock marked to cut a wide swath of public old growth, and BLM rubber stamped it.</p>
<p>The context is that legacy of frontier land fraud—the checkerboard O&amp;C timberlands. This particular travesty is located up Susan Creek off of the famed North Umpqua River east of Roseburg. The area is naturally spectacular, but the backcountry above the river is largely a giant tree farm for corporate forestry. Every other square-mile section is owned by BLM, the rest by private timberland owners, in a checkerboard pattern. All of it is managed for forestry, and most of it has been clearcut.</p>
<p>The private owners are logging now on a forty-year rotation.</p>
<p>The forest on the chopping block is a 70-150 ft wide swath — about 4 acres — through the kind of ancient forest we dream about. Right up against truly savage clearcuts a mile-square and more, the public stand remains a deep, dark, ancient forest. It’s the sort that, when a grouse hoots, it carries and echoes in that haunting way. My mind longs for a wolf, or at least an eagle or even a raven to call, but none does. This cathedral is an island in a sea of clearcuts.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/IMG_3402.jpeg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-16786" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/IMG_3402-300x400.jpeg" alt="IMG_3402" width="300" height="400" /></a><br />
I counted at least fifteen giant old growth trees marked to cut within Lone Rock&#8217;s claimed right-of-way. Fifteen great big mothers, some of whom probably beat Columbus to America.</p>
<p>That’s giving benefit of the doubt on every marked boundary tree, many of which were themselves ancient. And that’s not mentioning the snags, and the many old-but-not-ancient trees, and the gorgeous madrones and great big alders and unexpected, emerald-green meadows.</p>
<p>And in return, Lone Rock accesses a tiny sliver of plantation abutting that beautiful stand. I counted rings on one typical stump —yep, forty on the nose.</p>
<p>Lone Rock and BLM claim they have the legal right to do this because they want a wide road and big turnaround to more easily access one of their active plantation clearcutting units. There is a rock outcrop, they say. It’s hard to get around with these new machines, they say.</p>
<p>Big hole in their story—the trees they can’t get to, they were able to get to to clearcut forty years ago. That’s how it’s plantation now.</p>
<p>Further investigation by intrepid sleuths uncovered Lone Rock sharing maps of existing roads to the very stand.</p>
<p>I visited the site last Thursday and what I saw was a company going hogwild, clearcutting the snot out of a hillside, having no trouble at all yanking the cut trees onto trucks to haul to market. I saw these roads with my own eyes. I listened to their machines work all day tearing up the hill just below the stand they say they can’t access.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/IMG_3405.jpeg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-16785" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/IMG_3405-300x400.jpeg" alt="IMG_3405" width="300" height="400" /></a>How a logging company that logged a stand forty years ago thinks they can’t do it today is an interesting story. If you wonder where the logging jobs went, here&#8217;s your answer.</p>
<p>Forty years ago they had cable yarders and tractors and skylines and choker setters and fallers who would scramble around the hill in cork boots to do the job.</p>
<p>Now it&#8217;s done by a couple guys pulling levers in air-conditioned boxs. Logging by machine is more profitable. What used to take a crew now only takes one.</p>
<p>Progress!</p>
<p>The public accommodates that job-killing mechanization by letting them plough more and more roads through our old-growth reserves. But sure, go ahead, blame the spotted owl for economic trouble in timber country.</p>
<p><figure id="attachment_16789" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-16789" style="width: 257px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-large wp-image-16789 wp-caption alignleft" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/IMG_3511-267x200.jpeg" alt="Lone Rock's clearcut in fore-ground, BLM land up the hill. The stand just above the parked yarders is the plantation Lone Rock claims they can't access." width="267" height="200" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-16789" class="wp-caption-text">Lone Rock&#8217;s clearcut in fore-ground, BLM land up the hill. The stand just above the parked yarders is the plantation Lone Rock claims they can&#8217;t access.</figcaption></figure></p>
<p>Lone Rock can cry us a river about access to their land.</p>
<p>Those very same right-of-way agreements lock us, the public, out of accessing our land. The deal is so slanted that even BLM employees in the field couldn’t take a spur to a nice spot for a picnic—they can only drive the roads when they are working on a logging project.</p>
<p>They say this is just the way it is, but that answer is not good enough for us.</p>
<p>Cascadia and other local activists have been dogging this outrageous proposal. We&#8217;re doing what we can to save this forest, but honestly it is an uphill fight. Presence of spotted owls, wet weather, better access in other ways… none of it seems to matter at all to them. We&#8217;ve implored BLM officials directly, but they claim their hands are tied by reciprocal right-of-way agreements.</p>
<p>We hold out hope that Lone Rock will do the right thing and log their trees the old fashioned way. But, if the best we can get out of this situation is to learn a lesson, then lets learn the lessons.</p>
<p>The lesson is that BLM&#8217;s interpretation of these reciprocal right of way agreements on tens of thousands of acres of public and private forestry land amounts to a blank check for private logging companies. All the careful forest planning BLM does, can be undone in a moment at the whim of a logging company who claims they want to build a road. The situation is rich with potential for fraud, and BLM is uninterested in policing it.</p>
<p>The sad legacy of the O&amp;C land frauds continues.</p>
<p><em>(All photos of the contested area by Cascadia Wildlands)</em></p><p>The post <a href="https://cascwild.org/2018/old-growth-timber-grab-on-the-north-umpqua/">Blog: Old Growth Timber Grab on the North Umpqua</a> first appeared on <a href="https://cascwild.org">Cascadia Wildlands</a>.</p>]]></content:encoded>
					
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		<title>On Westerman, Walden, and Kids: Contemplating Oregon&#8217;s Fire Season from Drake Peak Lookout</title>
		<link>https://cascwild.org/2017/on-westerman-walden-and-kids-contemplating-oregons-fire-season-from-drake-peak-lookout/</link>
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		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Gabe]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 13 Oct 2017 17:57:06 +0000</pubDate>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.cascwild.org/?p=16189</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>by Gabe Scott, Cascadia Wildlands In-House Counsel &#160; I&#8217;m sitting in the Drake Peak fire lookout tower in Oregon&#39;s Fremont-Winema National Forest for a long weekend with my young kids, taking in the wind-swept views while they explore the mountain, and watching a forest fire burn. As the sun sets it makes Mount Shasta glow ... <a title="On Westerman, Walden, and Kids: Contemplating Oregon&#8217;s Fire Season from Drake Peak Lookout" class="read-more" href="https://cascwild.org/2017/on-westerman-walden-and-kids-contemplating-oregons-fire-season-from-drake-peak-lookout/" aria-label="Read more about On Westerman, Walden, and Kids: Contemplating Oregon&#8217;s Fire Season from Drake Peak Lookout">Read more</a></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://cascwild.org/2017/on-westerman-walden-and-kids-contemplating-oregons-fire-season-from-drake-peak-lookout/">On Westerman, Walden, and Kids: Contemplating Oregon’s Fire Season from Drake Peak Lookout</a> first appeared on <a href="https://cascwild.org">Cascadia Wildlands</a>.</p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<div>by Gabe Scott, Cascadia Wildlands In-House Counsel</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>I&rsquo;m sitting in the Drake Peak fire lookout tower in Oregon&#39;s Fremont-Winema National Forest for a long weekend with my young kids, taking in the wind-swept views while they explore the mountain, and watching a forest fire burn. As the sun sets it makes Mount Shasta glow fire-red in the distance, while an apocalyptic plume of smoke from the forest takes on a feathery pink. The sky darkens, and the kids come inside for food and stories. The fire casts an eerie glow in the night, and we wonder about it.</div>
<div><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/IMG_2682.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" alt="IMG_2682" class="alignleft size-medium wp-image-16194" height="225" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/IMG_2682-300x225.jpg" width="300" /></a></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>I&rsquo;ve been wondering a lot about forest fires this past year, since moving back to Oregon from south-central Alaska. Just about everything that happens in forest policy here revolves around fire, one way or another.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>Oregonians talk a lot about the rain, but really it&rsquo;s the fires that we&rsquo;ve found distinctive. As important and ubiquitous as fire is, the issue is an incredibly difficult thing to talk about or understand.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>So let&rsquo;s sit around the cooling flames for a story. The kids want to understand what is happening, and I want to be able to explain it to them.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>In the Pacific Northwest, the story about fire is a profound one: it&rsquo;s about birth and death, money and power, and a human animal who is deeply confused, scared, and mixed up about his place on the land. There are heroes and villains in this story. And you get to create your own ending.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><strong>Fire is scary</strong></div>
<div>There is something primal and apocalyptic about the experience of fire.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>Terror of fire is something we share with other animals. Bears, deer and rabbits flee from fire in a panic. It may be a trick of the eye, but the way big trees catch fire, their branches seem to shrink away from the flames, dancing convulsively as though the tree itself summons one last panicked attempt to run from the flames.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>Fire is an enemy of &ldquo;man.&rdquo; It is an enemy of property, and of permanence. Like a hurricane, or a cold and stormy sea.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><strong>Heck of a fire season, again</strong></div>
<div>At least, it <em>seems</em> like it has been. Ash has been falling from the sky in Seattle, Portland, and Eugene. Even more so in the southern Oregon Cascades and the Siskiyous. The sun and moon have cast an eerie, muted orange. Air quality warnings have flashed red exclamation points on our phones, and out-of-town relatives have inquired about our safety.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>But <em>was</em> this a &ldquo;bad&rdquo; fire year?</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>Fire has burned across over a half-million acres of forest this summer in Oregon.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>That&rsquo;s a lot of acres.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>But then again, Oregon is a big place, and fire ecologists have learned that just about all of our forests burn at one time or another. In the scheme of things, even a half-million acres of fire&mdash;a lot of fire!&mdash; isn&rsquo;t unusual.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>Whether a half-million acres burning is a lot, or not, sort of depends on what timeframe you are using. In the past fifty years, statistically there has been a huge increase in the acres of forest burning in wildfires. Look at the past hundred years though, and you can see that we need additional context.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Charts-dellasala-1_Page_1-2.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" alt="Charts-dellasala (1)_Page_1 2" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-16191" height="427" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Charts-dellasala-1_Page_1-2.jpg" width="612" /></a></div>
<div>(Source: Dominick DellaSala, Geos Institute, testimony US House Natural Resources Committee, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, September 27, 2017).</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>That dip in the middle of the graph has resulted in what they call a &ldquo;fire debt&rdquo; on the forest. It is routine in the public land timber sales Cascadia Wildlands reviews to find the agency biologists bemoaning a fire-starved forest stand.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>The &ldquo;problem&rdquo; of forest fires, a scientist would tell you, is a social problem, not an information problem. Two true things are in conflict: (1) ecologically, fire is beneficial and often necessary on many of Cascadia&rsquo;s forests, and (2) humans, like (as) animals, do not tolerate fire in their midst.&nbsp;</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><strong>Forest fires (usually) don&rsquo;t kill the forest</strong></div>
<div>Exploring Drake Peak with the kids, everywhere we went had been touched by fire. And it was beautiful. It is this way throughout Oregon, Washington and California: luxurious green forests grown from carpets of black ash.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>While we speak and think in terms of fire &ldquo;consuming&rdquo; and &ldquo;destroying&rdquo; forests, this is not the case.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>On the Eagle Creek fire in the Columbia River Gorge for example, even in places that had been glowing hellish red in high-intensity conflagrations this summer, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=youtu.be&amp;v=Fg_fBGBH7fY&amp;app=desktop">many of the trees seem to have survived, and lots of patches of forest were left unburned</a>. Even as the flames burned, ODFW was <a href="http://portlandtribune.com/go/42-news/371520-255132-odfw-wildlife-vegetation-will-adapt-after-fire-subsides">reassuring</a> the public that wildlife and vegetation will adapt and thrive.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><strong>Cascadia&rsquo;s forests are <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1BmTq8vGAVo">born of fire</a></strong></div>
<div>Fire has always been in this landscape. Without it, the forests could not be. In different ways at different times, the fires of centuries past created the forest, wetlands and wildlife we love.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><a href="http://www.yesmagazine.org/planet/when-fighting-wildfires-does-more-harm-than-good-20161206">Ecologically, fire is hugely beneficia</a>l. The science is remarkably consistent. Here in Oregon the world&rsquo;s foremost scientific experts on fire ecology are working and watching, eagerly studying this incredible process. To a person, they speak and think of forest fires as an integral part of the forest. To ecologists who study these things, fires are approached with something more like reverence than fear. &nbsp;</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>The lessons they&rsquo;ve learned are familiar. Fires clear out underbrush, thin forests, favor some species over others, and provide homes for cavity-nesters like owls. Every schoolchild now learns the story of the Yellowstone fire, and how it unleashed an ecological cascade of restoration for the forest and wildlife.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>Scientists now are studying how fire helps wild salmon and trout. Earlier this summer a Pacific Northwest Research Station report came out describing ways that <a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/54385">wildlfires help wild salmon and trout thrive</a>.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>As it turns out, forests &ldquo;dying&rdquo; in fires are more like forests &ldquo;dying&rdquo; in the fall. It&rsquo;s part of a cycle, not the end of a line.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><strong>The war on fire</strong></div>
<div>Cold science is one thing, but hot passion is another. Too often&nbsp;the latter which tends to drive human behavior.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>One result of those two true things&mdash; inevitability and fear of fire&mdash;is a hugely aggressive (and expensive, and dangerous) fire-fighting effort. Forest fires, being as ordinary a part of the seasonal cycle as rain, inevitably happen. We try to put just about all of them out.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>We&rsquo;ve gotten very, very good at it. Huge jet airplanes drop million-dollar loads of orange fire-retardant. A literal army of firefighters attack blazes with shovels, chainsaws, backfires, firebreaks, bulldozers, and water.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>One result is that, thanks to firefighters, we have fewer fires. The small ones get put out.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>As good as our firefighters are at what they do, did you know that they have never&mdash; not even once&mdash; been able to <em>put out</em> a large, intense wildfire? It&rsquo;s true.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>To satisfy the insatiable public need to fight every fire, firefighters are routinely asked to take incredible risks. I doubt I would have the courage to take half as much risk to save my own home from burning, as some of these hotshots take trying to save remote forests from burning. &nbsp;</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>While the safety culture is strong, especially among firefighting leadership, the war on fire comes with heavy casualties. Foremost are the lost firefighters. &nbsp;</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>Aggressively fighting fire also has an ecological cost. For example, this summer at Breitenbush Hot Springs in Oregon&#39;s Willamette National Forest, <a href="http://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/news/2017/09/13/protect-breitenbush-wildfire-forest-service-cuts-old-growth-forest-trail-angering-some/658877001/">fire crews cut a fireline</a> through a beloved old-growth hiking trail.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><strong>Logging the forest to save it</strong></div>
<div>To a hammer every solution looks like a nail.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>And to generations of foresters trained in cutting trees, the solution to forest fires has always been to cut the forest down.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>It is routine in the timber sales we monitor at Cascadia Wildlands to find the agencies logging the forest to save it before it burns. Or, after it burns, they&rsquo;ll want to &ldquo;salvage&rdquo; it.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>Both notions are applied by with an un-ironic stubbornness that is almost comical.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>There are grains of truth, and much of our day-to-day work consists of finding them. In the wildland-urban interface&mdash;where homes and property are built in forests that need to burn&mdash;thinning and strategic clearing can be very effective at saving property. And on some forest stands, careful thinning and prescribed burning is effective at both ecological restoration, and providing jobs and timber for mills. Cascadia Wildlands always tries to support these win-win solutions.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>But while some work the ideas out carefully, politicians and the timber industry love to come in shouting emergency when fires are burning.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>So we get things like the barely disguised <a href="http://www.oregonlive.com/environment/index.ssf/2017/09/struggling_oregon_county_spent.html#incart_target2box_default_#incart_target2box_targeted_">propaganda video</a> put out by the industry in Douglas County, questionably using taxpayer dollars.&nbsp;</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>Or we get things like Rep. Greg Walden&#39;s (R-OR) &ldquo;Clearcut the Gorge&rdquo; bill, which suspends all environmental laws to expedite clearcutting of the Gorge after this summer&#39;s Eagle Creek fire.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>Or, even worse, the Rep. Bruce Westerman (R-AR) bill, with the Orwellian name <a href="http://hq-org2.salsalabs.com/o/5868/p/dia/action4/common/public/?action_KEY=25087">&ldquo;Resilient Federal Forests Act,&rdquo;</a>&nbsp;a salvage rider on steroids that would exempt massive logging, up to 30,000 acres, from environmental laws and careful planning.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>We&rsquo;ll be busy fighting these outrageous proposals in the months and years to come.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><strong>Drake Peak</strong></div>
<div>Back to my fire lookout on Drake Peak. How to explain the sinister, burning forest to my curious children? What are we seeing? Is this Bambi&rsquo;s home being destroyed?</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>I really don&rsquo;t know what is the best way to think about fire, let alone to explain it. Emotionally they are scary. Intellectually they are essential and life-giving.&nbsp;The picture gets more complicated when you factor in global warming, and human developments concentrated in inconvenient places.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>Whatever the right way,&nbsp;we surely&nbsp;do know that the wrong way to think about fire is to panic.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>It is panic that gives the log-it-to-save it idea traction. It is panic that causes distant politicians to see burned forests as destroyed lifeless tracts that may as well be clearcut.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>As for the best way to talk about fire, we&rsquo;d love to hear your ideas in comments. The best I could come up with for my kids were two imperfect analogies:</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>A forest fire is like a rainstorm. It&rsquo;s an uncomfortable thing that happens in nature. It is dangerous, and can even kill you if you aren&rsquo;t prepared. But it also makes the land green, and without it we would die.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>A forest fire is like autumn, but on a larger time scale. As in autumn the leaves die and animals disappear, but in a cyclical way, not a linear one. It is the kind of death that blurs into birth. For a forest, a fire is a turning of the wheel, not the end of the road.</div><p>The post <a href="https://cascwild.org/2017/on-westerman-walden-and-kids-contemplating-oregons-fire-season-from-drake-peak-lookout/">On Westerman, Walden, and Kids: Contemplating Oregon’s Fire Season from Drake Peak Lookout</a> first appeared on <a href="https://cascwild.org">Cascadia Wildlands</a>.</p>]]></content:encoded>
					
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		<title>Reflections on the Enormous Victory in Northern Cascadia and Coming Full Circle</title>
		<link>https://cascwild.org/2017/victory-bearing-coalfield-in-northern-cascadia-to-stay-in-the-ground/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Gabe]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Wed, 01 Feb 2017 19:43:01 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Blog]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Home Page Hot Topic]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Alaska]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Bering River Coalfield]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Campaign News Updates]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Cascadia Wildlands]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[clearcut]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[coal]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Combating Climate Change]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Establishing the Copper and Bearing River Deltas Wild Salmon Reserve]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[logging]]></category>
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		<category><![CDATA[Save Our Wild Salmon Heritage]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Theodore Roosevelt]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.cascwild.org/?p=15668</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>by Gabe Scott, Cascadia Wildlands House Counsel Ready for some good news? Last week our partners at Eyak Preservation Council announced that the&#160;major part of Alaska&#8217;s Bering River Coalfield, and the old-growth forest on top of it, has been permanently protected! &#160; Several things about this historic victory make it especially sweet. Ecologically it protects ... <a title="Reflections on the Enormous Victory in Northern Cascadia and Coming Full Circle" class="read-more" href="https://cascwild.org/2017/victory-bearing-coalfield-in-northern-cascadia-to-stay-in-the-ground/" aria-label="Read more about Reflections on the Enormous Victory in Northern Cascadia and Coming Full Circle">Read more</a></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://cascwild.org/2017/victory-bearing-coalfield-in-northern-cascadia-to-stay-in-the-ground/">Reflections on the Enormous Victory in Northern Cascadia and Coming Full Circle</a> first appeared on <a href="https://cascwild.org">Cascadia Wildlands</a>.</p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>by Gabe Scott, Cascadia Wildlands House Counsel</p>
<div><span style="font-size:14px;">Ready for some good news? Last week our partners at Eyak Preservation Council announced that the&nbsp;major part of Alaska&rsquo;s Bering River Coalfield, and the old-growth forest on top of it, has been permanently protected!</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><span style="font-size:14px;"><figure id="attachment_15672" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-15672" style="width: 378px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" alt="The Bering River coalfield sits in the rugged, remote mountains just back of Cascadia's northern extreme." class="size-large wp-image-15672 wp-caption alignleft" height="200" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Mordor-coalfield-2-388x200.jpg" width="388" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-15672" class="wp-caption-text">The Bering River coalfield sits in the rugged, remote mountains just back of Cascadia&#39;s northern extreme (photo by Brett Cole).</figcaption></figure>Several things about this historic victory make it especially sweet. Ecologically it protects one of the most magnificent places on earth, a vast wild wetland on Cascadia&#39;s northern edge. Better, it does it in a precedent-setting way that puts the region&rsquo;s indigenous people in charge. Personally I am proud that we Cascadians played a big part creating the conditions where this victory could happen. And, most of all, let us be inspired by the example of our close partner and good friend Dune Lankard, the Eyak native whose visionary leadership and sheer determination has achieved what few believed was possible.</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><span style="font-size:14px;"><strong>The Victory</strong></span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><span style="font-size:14px;">The Bering River coalfield is located in one of the wildest and most productive on earth&mdash;the Copper/Bering River Delta wetland complex, along Alaska&rsquo;s south-central Gulf coast. This is wild salmon, bear, wolf, eagle and raven country. Seals swim ice-berg choked rivers hunting King salmon.&nbsp;Ice-clad mountains rise almost straight out of the churning Gulf.&nbsp;</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><span style="font-size:14px;"><figure id="attachment_15673" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-15673" style="width: 290px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" alt="The Bering River rages through the coast range, backed by glaciers, choked with salmon, and Wild as all-get-out." class="size-large wp-image-15673 wp-caption alignleft" height="200" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Lost_Coast_069-300x200.jpg" width="300" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-15673" class="wp-caption-text">The Bering River rages through the coast range, backed by glaciers, choked with salmon, and Wild as all-get-out (photo by Brett Cole).</figcaption></figure>To the north is the largest protected wilderness in the whole world: from here into the Yukon territory all the way down to Glacier Bay. To the east is the largest ice-field outside the poles. The ice is moving, glaciers sliding forward and melting back, uncovering infant land. To the west is the Copper River Delta, and beyond that Cordova and Prince William Sound. This is&nbsp;the largest contiguous wetland in Cascadia, home to the world-famous Copper River salmon fishing fleet, and incredible concentrations of swans, geese and shorebirds.</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><span style="font-size:14px;">There are huge veins of coal, the largest tide-water coal deposit in the world, buried in the mountain ridges back of the wetlands. Coal mining there would have involved mountain-top removal in the headwaters of rich salmon rivers, extensive clearcutting of the old-growth forest, roads across the wild Copper River delta, and a deepwater port near Cordova.</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><span style="font-size:14px;"><a href="http://www.thecordovatimes.com/2017/01/25/bering-river-coal-field-rights-retired/">The deal announced yesterday</a> is that Chugach Alaska Corporation&#39;s coal and timber will be forever conserved, stewarded with a conservation easement enforced by The Native Conservancy. The owner, CAC, will generate revenue by selling carbon credits on California&rsquo;s market.</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><span style="font-size:14px;"><b>Historic Victory for Conservation</b></span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><span style="font-size:14px;">This&nbsp;has been a long time coming. The Bering River coalfield is <a href="https://www.adn.com/opinions/2017/01/30/how-a-carbon-credit-deal-with-an-alasksa-native-corporation-could-help-resolve-teddy-roosevelts-unfinished-business/">one of modern conservation&rsquo;s seminal battles</a>. In 1907 Teddy Roosevelt stuck his neck out to prevent J.P. Morgan from grabbing it in a monopoly. Gifford Pinchot was fired/ resigned in protest trying to protect it. Louis Brandeis, before being appointed to the supreme court, put his talents to work for the cause. Through the era of statehood, and Native land claims, and the park-creating frenzy of ANILCA, and the post-<em>Exxon Valdez </em>restoration deals, conservationists always tried but developers stubbornly insisted that the Bering River coalfield needed to be mined.&nbsp;</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><span style="font-size:14px;">The coal is owned by Chugach Alaska Corporation, one of the regional Alaska Native corporations. (Rather than treaties and reservations, in Alaska the U.S. congress formed corporations and made indigenous people into the shareholders. Long story. CAC is one of these.) CAC selected the coalfield and the trees atop it&nbsp;with an eye to developing them.</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><span style="font-size:14px;">After going bankrupt in the late 1980s, CAC lost part of the coalfield to a Korean conglomerate. Notably, that portion of the coalfield isn&#39;t covered by the deal announced last week,&nbsp;so it will need to be protected too.&nbsp;</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><span style="font-size:14px;"><figure id="attachment_15671" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-15671" style="width: 290px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" alt="The 700,000-acre Copper River Delta is the largest contiguous wetland on the Pacific Coast of North America." class="size-large wp-image-15671 wp-caption alignleft" height="200" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Lost_Coast_028-300x200.jpg" width="300" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-15671" class="wp-caption-text">The 700,000-acre Copper River Delta is the largest contiguous wetland on the Pacific Coast of North America.</figcaption></figure>The conservation deal announced yesterday is precent setting for it&rsquo;s unique mix of conservation and indigenous control.&nbsp;The Native Conservancy is a new idea, the brainchild of Dune Lankard, that was critical to the deal working. Formulated as a sort of friendly amendment to the Nature Conservancy, the idea is to incorporate social justice for indigenous people into long-term land conservation.</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><span style="font-size:14px;">In the announced deal the Native Conservancy will hold the conservation easement, making it the steward in charge of protecting the land. Enforcement of easements is one of the major hurdles to private equity models of conservation, and this offers an attractive new possibility.</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><span style="font-size:14px;">This victory also points to the inevitable reality of climate change and the future of carbon. California&rsquo;s carbon market &nbsp;makes&nbsp;it possible economically for a company like CAC to realize a return on investment for conservation. Where there is money, deals will be made.</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><span style="font-size:14px;">Lying politicians aside, global warming <u>is</u> real. The writing is on the wall for the carbon-heavy industries. When corporations look to the future, they see young people marching for climate justice, bringing their case to the courts and demanding sustainability. Especially for Alaska Native corporations like CAC, shareholders&nbsp;are keenly interested in avoiding climate catastrophe. The message is being heard!</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><span style="font-size:14px;"><b>A personal victory</b></span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><span style="font-size:14px;">This victory also marks a sweet sort of bookend to my own work running Cascadia&rsquo;s Alaska field office, from 1998 until this past year. The first reason I went to Cordova, back in 1998, was to help&nbsp;Dune Lankard&nbsp;blockade&nbsp;the road that CAC was then actually building, across the Copper River Delta to access this coalfield and these trees.&nbsp;</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><span style="font-size:14px;"><figure id="attachment_15678" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-15678" style="width: 405px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" alt="Dune Lankard at Shepard Point, back in the day." class="size-full wp-image-15678 wp-caption alignleft" height="530" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/JJ_06.jpg" width="415" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-15678" class="wp-caption-text">Dune Lankard at Shepard Point, back in the day.</figcaption></figure>When I first arrived there was the coalfield, an oilfield, a deepwater port, a road across the Delta and another one up the river, cruise ships and a Princess lodge, all interlocking. None of these threats alone could gain traction, but any two or more of them would forever destroy the wilderness. Dune and I spent countless hours together on the basketball court scheming the demise of this web of threats.&nbsp;For the next nineteen years, Cascadia and Eyak&nbsp;worked together on the campaigns. Together we&nbsp;stopped&nbsp;the road across the Delta, the deepwater port at Shepard Point, and oil drilling at Katalla.&nbsp;</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><span style="font-size:14px;">Without the deepwater port, without the access road, and without any oil discovery to attract new investment, conservation of the coalfield became more appealing.&nbsp;</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><span style="font-size:14px;">While we are proud to have&nbsp;helped create the conditions for success,&nbsp;all credit for this victory goes to two heroes of the planet:&nbsp;Dune Lankard and Carol Hoover. Their dogged determination and visionary blend&nbsp;of indigenous&nbsp;and ecological justice has achieved what a century of environmentalists could not.&nbsp;</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><span style="font-size:14px;">So, I am inspired, and so should you be!&nbsp;</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><span style="font-size:14px;">The new president can take a long walk off a short pier. The train has left the station. The&nbsp;people are&nbsp;winning for climate justice, and we aren&rsquo;t about to stop now.</span></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div><em><span style="font-size:14px;">After an incredible run in Cascadia&#39;s northern frontier based in Cordova, <a href="mailto:gscott@old.cascwild.org">Gabe Scott</a> recently moved back to Eugene with his family and is Cascadia Wildlands&#39; House Counsel.</span></em></div><p>The post <a href="https://cascwild.org/2017/victory-bearing-coalfield-in-northern-cascadia-to-stay-in-the-ground/">Reflections on the Enormous Victory in Northern Cascadia and Coming Full Circle</a> first appeared on <a href="https://cascwild.org">Cascadia Wildlands</a>.</p>]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
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		<title>Lawsuit Launched to Protect Washington Rivers, Salmon from Destructive Suction Dredge Mining</title>
		<link>https://cascwild.org/2017/lawsuit-launched-to-protect-washington-rivers-salmon-from-destructive-suction-dredge-mining/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Gabe]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Tue, 10 Jan 2017 19:22:56 +0000</pubDate>
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		<category><![CDATA[Washington]]></category>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.old.cascwild.org/?p=15611</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>January 10, 2017 — Conservation groups filed a notice of intent today to sue the state of Washington for allowing highly destructive suction dredge mining in rivers and streams critical to endangered salmon and steelhead. The Washington Department of Wildlife approves the harmful recreational gold-mining technique in rivers throughout the state that are home to numerous imperiled fish species. Conservation and fisheries groups have also introduced bills in the state legislature to better monitor and regulate suction dredge mining.</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://cascwild.org/2017/lawsuit-launched-to-protect-washington-rivers-salmon-from-destructive-suction-dredge-mining/">Lawsuit Launched to Protect Washington Rivers, Salmon from Destructive Suction Dredge Mining</a> first appeared on <a href="https://cascwild.org">Cascadia Wildlands</a>.</p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p align="center"><em><b>Harmful Gold-mining Method Already Restricted in California, Oregon</b></em></p>
<div>
<div><strong>For Immediate Release</strong><br />
January 10, 2017</div>
<div></div>
<div><strong>Contact:</strong></div>
<div>Gabriel Scott, Cascadia Wildlands (541) 434-1463 gscott@old.cascwild.org</div>
<div>Jonathan Evans, Center for Biological Diversity, (510) 844-7118, jevans@biologicaldiversity.org</div>
<div></div>
<div>OLYMPIA, <em>Wash.</em>— Conservation groups filed a <a href="https://www.old.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/2017-1-10_Suction_Dredge_ESA_CWA_Notice_Letter.pdf">notice</a> of intent today to sue the state of Washington for allowing highly destructive suction dredge mining in rivers and streams critical to endangered salmon and steelhead. The Washington Department of Wildlife approves the harmful recreational gold-mining technique in rivers throughout the state that are home to numerous imperiled fish species. Conservation and fisheries groups have also introduced bills in the state legislature to better monitor and regulate suction dredge mining.</div>
</div>
<div></div>
<div>“Suction dredge mining pollutes our waterways with toxic mercury, clouds streams with sediment, kills endangered fish and destroys irreplaceable cultural resources that are important to all Washingtonians,” said Jonathan Evans, environmental health legal director at the Center for Biological Diversity. “This is a dirty, outdated form of mining that our families, waterways and wildlife shouldn’t be subjected to.”</div>
<div></div>
<div>Suction dredge mining uses large, gas-powered vacuums to suck up gravel on the bottom of rivers and streams in search of gold flakes. Miners target gravel beds critical to salmon spawning and reproduction and pollute waterways with sediment and toxic mercury and heavy metals in their search for gold. Suction dredge mining also threatens important cultural resources important to American Indians.</div>
<div></div>
<div>“Suction dredge miners are killing endangered salmon and polluting our waterways and it needs to stop,” said Gabriel Scott, in-house counsel for Cascadia Wildlands. “We intend to enforce the law ourselves if the state won’t.”</div>
<div></div>
<div>The harm done by suction dredging is well documented by scientists and government agencies. In recent years Oregon and California have halted suction dredge mining for gold in areas that are important for rivers and fisheries because of its damage to water quality and wildlife. In Idaho the EPA has stepped in to regulate the practice. Today’s notice, filed by the Center and Cascadia Wildlands, notifies Washington’s Department of Fish and Wildlife and Department of Ecology of ongoing violations of the Endangered Species Act and Clean Water Act.</div>
<div></div>
<div>While the state doesn’t track individual mining locations, the majority of Washington’s rivers and streams are open to mining. Because the state of Washington has never squared state laws regulating suction dredge mining with the Endangered Species Act or Clean Water Act, two bills were introduced in the state legislature this week to better monitor and regulate the activity. House Bill 1077, introduced by Rep. Joe Fitzgibbon (D-Seattle), would create important safeguards in environmentally sensitive areas to protect salmon and water quality. House Bill 1106, introduced by Rep. Gael Tarleton (D-Seattle), would require miners to comply with the Clean Water Act to reduce pollution when mining.</div>
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<div>Numerous other commercial and recreational organizations have raised concerns that suction dredge and other motorized mining practices are disruptive and harmful to fishing. Statewide, commercial fisheries generate more than $1.6 billion annually and sport fishing generates more than $1.1 billion annually. Suction dredge mining also undermines the tens of millions of dollars invested in salmon recovery efforts in Washington.</div>
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<div>For detailed mapping of rivers and streams with suction dredge mining or endangered fish habitat click <a href="http://center.maps.arcgis.com/apps/Viewer/index.html?appid=88810c97ccd344b3ac12743f561eacef" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.</div><p>The post <a href="https://cascwild.org/2017/lawsuit-launched-to-protect-washington-rivers-salmon-from-destructive-suction-dredge-mining/">Lawsuit Launched to Protect Washington Rivers, Salmon from Destructive Suction Dredge Mining</a> first appeared on <a href="https://cascwild.org">Cascadia Wildlands</a>.</p>]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
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		<title>Tongass Groundtruth Expedition: 2016</title>
		<link>https://cascwild.org/2016/tongass-groundtruth-images/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Gabe]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Mon, 03 Oct 2016 18:26:40 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[News]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Alaska]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cascadia Wildlands]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[clearcut]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Defend the Forest Frontier]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Defend the Tongass National Forest]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Gabe Scott]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[logging]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[old-growth]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Protecting Forests and Wild Places]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tongass]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tongass National Forest]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.cascwild.org/?p=15198</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>Photos by Jacob Ritley, Cascadia Wildlands&#8217; Tongass Groundtruth Expedition, 2016. Thanks to LUSH Foundation for their generous support. Southeast Alaska&#8217;s Alexander Archipelago is made up of thousands of islands large and small. Small boats and floatplanes are the dominant modes of transportation. Old-growth clearcutting is ongoing this summer on the Big Thorne timber sale, Prince of ... <a title="Tongass Groundtruth Expedition: 2016" class="read-more" href="https://cascwild.org/2016/tongass-groundtruth-images/" aria-label="Read more about Tongass Groundtruth Expedition: 2016">Read more</a></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://cascwild.org/2016/tongass-groundtruth-images/">Tongass Groundtruth Expedition: 2016</a> first appeared on <a href="https://cascwild.org">Cascadia Wildlands</a>.</p>]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Photos by Jacob Ritley, Cascadia Wildlands&#8217; <em>Tongass Groundtruth Expedition</em>, 2016.<br />
Thanks to LUSH Foundation for their generous support.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/tongass-groundtruth-images/a0014834-2/" rel="attachment wp-att-15188"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-15188" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/A0014834-1-e1475091999400.jpg" alt="a0014834" width="800" height="533" /></a></p>
<p>Southeast Alaska&#8217;s Alexander Archipelago is made up of thousands of islands large and small. Small boats and floatplanes are the dominant modes of transportation.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/a0010562/" rel="attachment wp-att-15197"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-15197" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/A0010562-e1475092127341.jpg" alt="a0010562" width="800" height="533" /></a></p>
<p>Old-growth clearcutting is ongoing this summer on the Big Thorne timber sale, Prince of Wales Island.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/a0014717/" rel="attachment wp-att-15193"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-15193" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/A0014717-e1475092836410.jpg" alt="a0014717" width="800" height="533" /></a>Virgin old-growth forests are being mowed down on the Cleveland Peninsula, on privately-owned ANCSA (Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act) corporation land.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/a0014448/" rel="attachment wp-att-15194"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-15194" src="https://www.cascwild.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/A0014448-e1475093268970.jpg" alt="a0014448" width="800" height="533" /></a>Our Alaska legal director inspects old-growth spruce in a fresh clearcut, Big Thorne project on Prince of Wales Island.</p>
<h3><a href="https://www.cascwild.org/tongass-groundtruth/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Return to the Tongass Expedition Report</a></h3><p>The post <a href="https://cascwild.org/2016/tongass-groundtruth-images/">Tongass Groundtruth Expedition: 2016</a> first appeared on <a href="https://cascwild.org">Cascadia Wildlands</a>.</p>]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
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